📎 Apéndices TOEFL iBT

Plantillas, Vocabulario y Recursos Esenciales para el Éxito

🗣️ Plantillas para Speaking Section

📌 Task 1: Personal Choice (15 sec prep / 45 sec respuesta)

"In my opinion, [respuesta directa a la pregunta]. I feel this way for two main reasons."
"First, [razón principal]. For example, [ejemplo específico personal]. This shows that [conexión con tu punto]."
"Second, [segunda razón]. To illustrate, [ejemplo concreto]. Therefore, [reafirmación]."
"For these reasons, I strongly believe that [reafirmar posición]."

📌 Task 2: Campus Situation (30 sec prep / 60 sec respuesta)

"The reading passage describes [cambio/propuesta]. According to the announcement, [2 razones principales del reading]."
"The [man/woman] in the conversation [agrees/disagrees] with this [proposal/change]."
"[He/She] points out that [primera razón del listening]. [He/She] mentions that [ejemplo específico]."
"Additionally, [he/she] argues that [segunda razón]. According to [him/her], [evidencia o ejemplo]."

📌 Task 3: Academic Concept (30 sec prep / 60 sec respuesta)

"The reading passage defines [concepto] as [definición simple]. This means that [explicación en tus palabras]."
"The professor illustrates this concept with [one example/two examples]."
"First, [he/she] describes [situación del ejemplo]. [Detalles importantes]. This demonstrates [concepto] because [conexión explicativa]."

"Second, [he/she] mentions [segundo ejemplo si aplica]. This also shows [concepto] since [explicación]."

📌 Task 4: Academic Lecture (20 sec prep / 60 sec respuesta)

"The professor discusses [tema principal]. [He/She] explains that [idea general del tema]."
"First, [he/she] mentions [primer punto/tipo/ejemplo]. [He/She] states that [detalles específicos]. For instance, [ejemplo concreto si lo hay]."
"Second, [he/she] talks about [segundo punto/tipo/ejemplo]. According to the lecture, [información importante]. This is important because [significado o impacto]."

✍️ Plantillas para Writing Section

📝 Integrated Writing Task (150-225 palabras)

"The reading passage and the lecture discuss [tema]. While the reading argues that [posición del reading], the lecturer challenges this view by presenting contradictory evidence."
"First, the reading claims that [primer punto del reading]. However, the lecturer contradicts this by stating that [contraargumento del listening]. [He/She] provides evidence that [ejemplo específico del listening], which directly challenges the reading's assertion."
"Second, according to the passage, [segundo punto del reading]. The lecturer disputes this claim by explaining that [contraargumento]. [He/She] mentions that [evidencia del listening], demonstrating that the reading's argument is flawed."
"Finally, the reading suggests that [tercer punto]. In contrast, the lecturer argues that [contraargumento]. [He/She] points out that [ejemplo o evidencia], which undermines the reading's position on this issue."

💬 Academic Discussion Task (mínimo 100 palabras)

Opción 1 - Agregar Nueva Perspectiva:
"While both Andrew and Claire make valid points about [tema], I would like to add another perspective that hasn't been mentioned. [Tu punto único]. This is important because [razón]. For example, [ejemplo específico]. Therefore, [conclusión que conecta con la discusión]."

Opción 2 - Elaborar sobre un Punto:
"I agree with [estudiante]'s point about [idea específica], but I think we should also consider [aspecto adicional]. [Elaboración de tu idea]. In my experience, [ejemplo personal o general]. This suggests that [implicación más amplia]."

Opción 3 - Posición Balanceada:
"Both students raise important points. While [estudiante 1] correctly notes that [punto 1], [estudiante 2]'s observation about [punto 2] is equally valid. However, I believe the key issue here is [tu perspectiva única]. [Evidencia o razonamiento]. This balanced approach helps us understand [conclusión]."

🔗 Conectores y Transiciones Esenciales

Función Conectores Formales Uso en TOEFL
Agregar información Furthermore, Moreover, Additionally, In addition, Besides, Also Writing (formal) y Speaking Task 3-4
Contrastar However, Nevertheless, On the other hand, In contrast, Conversely, While, Whereas Integrated Writing (esencial)
Causa y efecto Therefore, Thus, Consequently, As a result, Hence, Accordingly, For this reason Todos los tasks
Ejemplificar For instance, For example, To illustrate, Specifically, In particular, Namely Speaking (todos) y Writing
Secuencia First, Second, Finally, Initially, Subsequently, Following this, Lastly Speaking (organización clara)
Enfatizar Indeed, In fact, Certainly, Undoubtedly, Clearly, Obviously Academic Discussion
Resumir In conclusion, To summarize, Overall, In summary, All in all Speaking Task 1, Writing
Conceder y refutar Although, Even though, Despite, Admittedly, While it is true that Academic Discussion

💡 Regla de Oro para Conectores

Speaking: Usa conectores simples y naturales (First, Also, For example)
Writing: Varía los conectores formales para demostrar rango léxico
Nunca: Fuerces conectores complejos si no estás 100% seguro del uso

📚 Vocabulario Académico de Alto Impacto

🎯 Verbos Académicos Poderosos

Analyze ≈ examine in detail
Synthesize ≈ combine ideas
Evaluate ≈ assess value
Hypothesize ≈ propose theory
Corroborate ≈ confirm/support
Refute ≈ disprove
Elucidate ≈ clarify
Substantiate ≈ provide evidence
Advocate ≈ support publicly
Scrutinize ≈ examine closely
Postulate ≈ suggest as true
Extrapolate ≈ extend findings

🎯 Adjetivos para Descripciones Precisas

Positivos/Favorables

  • Compelling - convincente, persuasivo
  • Cogent - lógico y convincente
  • Innovative - innovador
  • Comprehensive - completo, exhaustivo
  • Pragmatic - práctico, realista
  • Efficacious - efectivo, eficaz

Negativos/Críticos

  • Flawed - defectuoso, con errores
  • Tenuous - débil, poco sólido
  • Myopic - corto de miras
  • Fallacious - erróneo, falaz
  • Superficial - superficial
  • Ambiguous - ambiguo, poco claro

Neutros/Descriptivos

  • Empirical - basado en evidencia
  • Theoretical - teórico
  • Ubiquitous - omnipresente
  • Intrinsic - intrínseco, inherente
  • Paradoxical - paradójico
  • Multifaceted - multifacético

💬 Frases Clave para Cada Sección

📖 Reading Section - Vocabulario de Preguntas

Reconocer estos patrones te ahorra tiempo:

  • "According to the passage..." → Busca información literal
  • "The author's attitude toward..." → Busca adjetivos y tono
  • "It can be inferred that..." → Conecta información implícita
  • "The word X in line Y is closest in meaning to..." → Usa contexto
  • "All of the following are mentioned EXCEPT..." → Elimina opciones
  • "Why does the author mention..." → Busca función retórica
  • "Which of the sentences below best expresses..." → Parafraseo

🎧 Listening Section - Señales Importantes

Frases que indican información clave:

  • "The main point is..." → Idea principal viene
  • "For example..." → Detalle de apoyo
  • "This is important because..." → Razón significativa
  • "Let me clarify..." → Reformulación importante
  • "On the other hand..." → Contraste/otra perspectiva
  • "To summarize..." → Resumen final
  • "The problem with this is..." → Crítica o limitación

🗣️ Speaking Section - Frases de Organización

Para estructurar tu respuesta claramente:

  • Introducción: "From my perspective...", "In my view...", "I believe that..."
  • Primera razón: "First and foremost...", "To begin with...", "The primary reason is..."
  • Segunda razón: "Equally important...", "Another key point is...", "Additionally..."
  • Ejemplos: "To illustrate...", "For instance...", "A case in point is..."
  • Contraste: "Although...", "While it's true that...", "Despite..."
  • Conclusión: "All things considered...", "Taking everything into account..."
  • Ganar tiempo: "That's an interesting question...", "Let me think about that..."

✍️ Writing Section - Expresiones Académicas

Para escribir con estilo académico:

  • Introducir argumentos: "It is widely acknowledged that...", "Research indicates that..."
  • Presentar evidencia: "This is evidenced by...", "As demonstrated by..."
  • Contraargumentar: "While this may be true...", "However, this overlooks..."
  • Expresar certeza: "It is evident that...", "Undoubtedly...", "Clearly..."
  • Expresar posibilidad: "It is conceivable that...", "This suggests that..."
  • Enfatizar: "It should be emphasized that...", "Notably...", "Significantly..."
  • Concluir: "In light of the evidence...", "Taken together...", "Ultimately..."

🎓 Vocabulario Temático Frecuente en TOEFL

🦋 Biología/Ecología

  • Ecosystem - ecosistema
  • Biodiversity - biodiversidad
  • Symbiosis - simbiosis
  • Adaptation - adaptación
  • Habitat - hábitat
  • Extinction - extinción
  • Photosynthesis - fotosíntesis
  • Predator/Prey - depredador/presa
  • Conservation - conservación
  • Endemic - endémico

🏛️ Historia/Arqueología

  • Civilization - civilización
  • Artifact - artefacto
  • Archaeological - arqueológico
  • Dynasty - dinastía
  • Excavation - excavación
  • Hieroglyphics - jeroglíficos
  • Prehistoric - prehistórico
  • Anthropologist - antropólogo
  • Chronological - cronológico
  • Indigenous - indígena

🧠 Psicología/Sociología

  • Cognitive - cognitivo
  • Behavioral - conductual
  • Perception - percepción
  • Stimulus - estímulo
  • Conditioning - condicionamiento
  • Demographics - demografía
  • Social norms - normas sociales
  • Correlation - correlación
  • Hypothesis - hipótesis
  • Empirical - empírico

💰 Economía/Negocios

  • Supply/Demand - oferta/demanda
  • Inflation - inflación
  • Revenue - ingresos
  • Commodity - producto básico
  • Entrepreneur - emprendedor
  • Monopoly - monopolio
  • Recession - recesión
  • Stakeholder - parte interesada
  • Sustainable - sostenible
  • Globalization - globalización

🎨 Arte/Literatura

  • Renaissance - renacimiento
  • Abstract - abstracto
  • Aesthetic - estético
  • Genre - género
  • Narrative - narrativa
  • Symbolism - simbolismo
  • Perspective - perspectiva
  • Contemporary - contemporáneo
  • Protagonist - protagonista
  • Metaphor - metáfora

💻 Tecnología/Ciencia

  • Algorithm - algoritmo
  • Innovation - innovación
  • Quantum - cuántico
  • Synthesis - síntesis
  • Hypothesis - hipótesis
  • Methodology - metodología
  • Variable - variable
  • Correlation - correlación
  • Paradigm - paradigma
  • Empirical - empírico

🏆 Expresiones que Impresionan a los Evaluadores

💎 Para Speaking - Sonar Natural pero Sofisticado

  • "I'd venture to say that..." - Me atrevería a decir que...
  • "What strikes me most is..." - Lo que más me llama la atención es...
  • "This resonates with me because..." - Esto resuena conmigo porque...
  • "Upon reflection..." - Reflexionando sobre esto...
  • "It's worth noting that..." - Vale la pena notar que...
  • "This brings to mind..." - Esto me recuerda...

✨ Para Writing - Demostrar Madurez Académica

  • "The crux of the matter is..." - El quid de la cuestión es...
  • "This phenomenon can be attributed to..." - Este fenómeno se puede atribuir a...
  • "The implications of this are far-reaching..." - Las implicaciones son de gran alcance...
  • "This underscores the importance of..." - Esto subraya la importancia de...
  • "A nuanced understanding reveals..." - Un entendimiento matizado revela...
  • "This warrants further consideration..." - Esto merece mayor consideración...

❌ Errores Fatales de Vocabulario

🚫 Never Say → ✅ Say Instead

❌ "Very important" ✅ "Crucial," "Essential," "Paramount"
❌ "A lot of" ✅ "Numerous," "Substantial," "Considerable"
❌ "Thing" ✅ "Aspect," "Factor," "Element," "Component"
❌ "Good/Bad" ✅ "Beneficial/Detrimental," "Advantageous/Disadvantageous"
❌ "Get" ✅ "Obtain," "Acquire," "Achieve," "Attain"
❌ "Show" ✅ "Demonstrate," "Illustrate," "Reveal," "Indicate"

📱 Tarjetas de Referencia Rápida

💾 Material Descargable

Imprime estas tarjetas y tenlas a mano durante tu preparación:

📋 Speaking Quick Card

Task 1: Opinion + 2 reasons + examples
Task 2: Summary + student's opinion
Task 3: Concept + professor's example
Task 4: Topic + 2 main points

📋 Writing Quick Card

Integrated: 150-225 words, 20 min
Compare reading vs listening
Discussion: 100+ words, 10 min
Add new perspective

📋 Time Management

Reading: 35 min ÷ 2 = 17.5/passage
Listening: Auto-avanza
Speaking: Tiempos fijos
Writing: 20 min + 10 min

🎯 Consejos de Oro para Maximizar tu Vocabulario

🏅 Los 5 Mandamientos del Vocabulario TOEFL

  1. Precisión sobre Complejidad: Es mejor usar una palabra simple correctamente que una compleja incorrectamente.
  2. Contexto es Rey: Aprende palabras en frases, no aisladas.
  3. Variedad Natural: Alterna sinónimos pero no fuerces la variación.
  4. Práctica Activa: Usa nuevas palabras en tus respuestas de práctica inmediatamente.
  5. Registro Apropiado: Speaking = semi-formal, Writing = formal académico.

⚡ Último Recordatorio

Este material es tu caja de herramientas. No necesitas memorizar todo, pero familiarízate con las plantillas y ten a mano las expresiones clave. La práctica constante con estos recursos te dará la confianza y fluidez necesarias para el día del examen.